It was such a glorious day. We walked through a tunnel of gold and into a wide open field to bask in the warm sunshine. I worked California, Arizona, Hungary and Russia.

Many of the maple trees with their bright colors are bare now. The oaks are showing their subdued reddish browns and the beeches their brilliant yellows. And it’s much cooler… 45F. Fortunately, in the sun it was nearly 70F. I tossed a line over an large oak on the edge of the field and pulled up a 33 foot wire.

I used the KX3 and fed the vertical wire through a 9:1 unun. I started out on 15 meters. The first station I worked was NI6BB, the Battleship Iowa, now on display in Los Angeles. My signal was pretty awful… a 229, but the operator was eventually able to copy the full exchange. Then I worked W7GVE in Arizona. Ed gave me a 549 and we chatted for nearly 20 minutes.

I switched to 17 meters for a quick QSO with Hungary. Joska, HA0EX gave me a 339 but we completed the exchange without trouble. I went to 20 meters. UE25R, a special event station in Russia, gave me a 599. He was strong to me, so I think my signal there was credible.

The warm days are passed. Back home, I carried the hammock and the summer table to the basement. Winter is near.

There can be few hobbies that embrace so much as amateur radio. Some enjoy QRP, often making their own simple gear and each QSO is a thrill. Others spend a great deal of money on rigs, towers and antennas and enjoy just talking to others around the world. Some like the challenge of microwaves or optical.  The list is endless.

We are lucky that our hobby can be enjoyed by all ages and abilities and in so many different ways.  It is very easy to be critical of how others enjoy the hobby – I know as I am guilty of this!  We should be thankful we are a “broad church” and allow each of us to enjoy the hobby in the way that suits us best. I used to enjoy building and field work, but because of my stroke I have had to adapt. Thankfully, I enjoy the hobby as much as ever.

Took the X108G Outdoor Version out to JOTA this weekend outdoors near Neys Provincial Park near Marathon, Ontario, temps during the day were 3c and at night was -4c first night and second night was -7c. We operated from a dining tent outside and was running battery power and a windom at about 15′.

We had light snow and rain during our outing and Saturday morning we did a hike to The Crack which is a large path through the rugged rock in the area.

http://superiorhiking.com/the-crack-in-the-rock/

Here are a few pictures of the weekend and a few links to YouTube videos of the X108G in action:

Was a great weekend out in the bush and having the 1st Thunder Scout Troop again take part in JOTA

Part 1 of a 3 part Blog
Part 2 will cover the RBN – Reverse Beacon Network & DXMaps.com
Part 3 will describe the RBN Node @ WØLFA

An ionosonde is a portmanteau for “ionospheric sounder,” instruments managed by educational, government, military and scientific agencies around the world to monitor and measure the ionosphere. You can think of Ionosondes as “fish finders” that find, instead of schools of fish, regions of electrons and electrically charged atoms and molecules in the upper atmosphere.

The first ionosondes were invented in the 1920s, grew in sophistication during the 1930s, and were used by both sides during WWII to identify the best shortwave communication frequencies. A thorough history of ionosondes written in 1998 by Dr.Klaus Bibl is downloaded in PDF from the Annals of Geophysics Website here:

http://www.annalsofgeophysics.eu/index.php/annals/article/download/3810/3874

Ionosonde systems incorporate a transmitter tunable from as low as 500-kHz to as high at 40-MHz (1.6 to 12-MHz sweeps are a more typical range), antennas usually pointed straight up, and a receiver that tracks the transmitter listening for echoes reflected back to earth. It is, in other words, a radar system.

One of the four crossed-loop receive antennas used at the now-decommissioned ionosonde site in Lerwick, Shetland Islands (http://www.ukssdc.ac.uk/ionosondes/lersite.html)

Ionospheric weather, like tropospheric weather closer to earth, is in constant flux. The global ionosonde network is periodically mapping the ionosphere measuring the highest frequency reflected back to earth (this is Fc, the critical frequency) and at what height above earth that occurs (which reveals which ionospheric layer is in play). The critical frequency is proportional to charged particle density in each ionospheric layer. Signals at frequencies above Fc at the F2 layer (highest ionospheric layer) continue off into space instead of coming back to earth. Here is an example of an ionosonde ionogram (vertical axis is km above ground, horizontal axis is frequency in MHz):

Annotated ionogram from Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionogram)

Knowing the critical frequency at various points around the world enables calculation of MUF (Maximum Usable Frequency) for shortwave radio broadcast and two-way radio communication in those regions. A useful rule of thumb is the MUF will be around three times the Fc. So, for a Fc of 6.2-MHz the MUF for signals transiting that region of the ionosphere would be around 18.7-MHz. In such conditions, the amateur 17-meter band, centered on 18.1-MHz, would be a great choice for long distance communication, as would the 20-meter band (14-MHz). The 15-meter band (21 MHz), on the other hand, would likely be ‘dead’ for paths across that region.

Q: why is the MUF so much higher than the Fc? A: radio waves propagated over long distances are refracted (bent) back to earth at acute angles, not ‘bounced’ back to earth like a handball off a wall. Less ionization is needed for refraction at low angles than for a return of a signal transmitted straight up.

(In addition to electron density profiles, ionosondes can measure Doppler shifts and polarization of ionospheric echoes. Why hams should care about ordinary and extraordinary waves and the polarization of ionospheric propagated signals will be the topic of a future WØLFA Blog post.)

How many ionosondes are in regular operation around the world and are reporting their data publicly? Best I can tell, it’s something around one hundred. The UK Solar System Data Centre has an interactive map (reproduced below) with data on each site, more info at www.ukssdc.ac.uk/wdcc1/ionosondes/world.html.

A hundred ionosondes (+/-) is ‘not nothing,’ however, the world’s a big place, and there are large ionospheric regions going unmapped by the ionosonde network. That’s where ham radio comes to the party.

The number of amateur radio operators communicating long distances over shortwave on any given day vastly outnumbers active ionosondes by orders of magnitude. Two of the most popular ham activities are contesting, making as many contacts with as many other hams in as many countries as possible in a given period, typically over a weekend, and DXing, contacting as many countries as possible in one’s lifetime during or outside of contests, the more obscure and hard-to-contact, the better.

“Contesters” and “DXers,” which are not mutually exclusive groups, tend to be very knowledgeable about radio propagation from their own extensive observations. Knowing what bands to operate on and at what times given the current state of the ionosphere can give a contester a winning edge or help a DXer snag an elusive country.

Hams have developed several innovative tools to collect, correlate and analyze the large number of ionospheric observations taking place on the ham bands every day. Every successful contact, a “QSO’ in ham-speak, is a data point. The American Radio Relay League’s Logbook of the World database is closing in on a billion QSO records from over 80,000 contributors! More data = better science.

Part 2 of this Blog will discuss two of the ways hams are collecting and analyzing ham radio-generated ionospheric propagation data in real-time: RBN, the Reverse Beacon Network, and DXmaps.com.
Part 3 will describe the RBN Node @ WØLFA.

Judy and I took a walk near Hunkins Pond this afternoon. The fall colors were at their best! 20 meters was pretty good too. I worked Cuba, the UK and Rhode Island.

We hiked west and north on the old range road. When we got to David Swain’s north field, we turned in. The view was stunning. Even though the true temperature was 55F, in the sun it was almost 75F. I set up the Par 3-band end fed wire as an inverted vee over a maple branch and sat down in the sun. It was glorious.

I was running the KD1JV Mountain Topper at 3 watts. As I tuned down the band, I heard T47GDXC calling CQ. This is a special event station from Cuba. We exchanged quick 599’s and I was glad to have one contact under my belt. I had an ear to stations on the band and both eyes on the fantastic view.

Tom G3HGE from England was working one station after another. He and I are old friends and I was anxious to work him again. I called several times but other stations beat me to it. Finally, I got my chance and called him in the clear. “PID?” he sent and I returned with my call sign several times. At last he copied my call and we had a wonderful exchange. He was a solid 569, but I was only 339 to him. “UR signal is dropping to S1,” he sent as I told him I was operating portable in the beautiful outdoors. We signed after a couple of minutes, but I was thrilled to complete a QSO with him for the first time in a month or so. My little Mountain Topper sat in my lap with a notebook on my knee. You’ll see Tom’s call sign in the notebook.

I switched to 40 meters to see how that band was and heard Joe N1EFX in Rhode Island right away. He was calling CQ with a solid 589. He gave me a 449, but copied well, and we chatted for several minutes before signing.

I was satisfied with the contacts and wanted to hike down through the fields a bit before heading home. We headed east and south on the range road and came to Dearborn’s Farm. What a wonderful spot. Shimmering green grass, trees aflame in gold and corn over 8 feet high. We headed into a quiet glen and I took a quick snapshot.

These glorious days are so fleeting. Tomorrow and the next day it’s supposed to rain. We may lose much of the color.